Whole Foods †Strategic Plan Essay Example for Free

Whole Foods Strategic Plan EssayWhole Foods Market, Inc. which is headquartered in Austin, Texas, is an Ameri so-and-so victualss supermarket chain it was founded by John Mackey who currently serves as the CEO of Whole Foods. To sum up their mission and vision statement, Whole foods as a corporation strives to help verboten in promoting positive health and well-being of people, this includes team-members, customers and the livelong planet in general. Some of their core values include Selling the highest quality congenital and extreme products avail ableSatisfying, delighting and nourishing our customersSupporting Team Member happiness and excellenceCreating wealth through profits and growthServing and supporting our local and world-wide communitiesWhole foods market is known for being a supermarket chain that strictly prides itself in being the largest natural and constituent(a) foods supermarket chain. In appendix to that Whole Foods is regarded as Americas first nati onal certified organic grocer. Whole Foods Market now owns and operates 335 retail stores, of which 322 stores are located in the US and the District of Columbia, seven in Canada, and six in the UK. (Our Values and Mission, 2014). Whole Foods competitive advantage is its broad product offerings it offers broad selection of perishable foods which is designed to appeal to both natural foods and gourmet shoppers. In addition to that the confederacy prides itself in offering a wide variety range of products that include a range of produce, seafood, grocery, meat and poultry, bakery, alert foods and catering, specialty (beer, wine and cheese), coffee and tea, nutritional supplements, vitamins, body care, educational products such as books, floral items, pet products and household products.Whole Foods ability to be able to offer these range of products at all its locations has enabled the company to continue to stay competitive and maintain asignificant advantage over its competitors. I n addition to Whole Foods Markets ability to continue to stay forerunner in the natural and organic grocer business, the company has also made remarkable contributions to its employees and the community. In 2009 the company standard the Natural Products Associations 2009 Socially Responsible Retailer Award, after which in 2010 Fortune magazine ranked Whole Foods Market at number 18 on its list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For.During the same period, the company was recognized on the Ethisphere Institutes 2010 Worlds Most Ethical Companies list. The International Association of Culinary Professionals named the company as Culinary Youth Advocate of the Year for its effort to help improve school lunches for children nationwide with its School Lunch Revolution campaign. The contributions discussed above has enabled the company to maintain a positive image in the community and more importantly among its own employees, I believe that these various contributions has enabled Whole Foo ds to remain a forerunner among its competitors. (Whole Foods, n.d).SWOT ANALYSISStrengthBrand Recognition This company is well known in the United States, As a result of which, anytime a whole-foods plans on expanding up at a particular location, they will almost immediately start to develop a customer base. Unique kin While organic food is creating quite a buzz worldwide, it still is fairly a new entrant in the produce world and whole foods continues to be one of the only store that sells all organic products under one roof.WeaknessesLacks Global Integration Whole-foods does well in the US, however, even though it has managed to open up a few stores in UK and Canada, it is still not as well-known elsewhere around the world. Organic Food Even though organic food is beginning to gain popularity, I find that this is still a weakness for wholefoods, they only sell organic food items at their store, and not to acknowledgement organic food is usually more expensive than regular food we would get at the grocery store.OpportunitiesInternational Market Whole Foods is only in 2 other countries, UK and Canada. They always withstand the option of emotional stateing into some of the worlds faster growing markets or even the fact that they could look into expanding throughout UK and Canada. IT Influence Competitors of Whole Foods and even some other grocery have been striving for various ways to enrich the customer check at their stores, one such way, is the introduction of self-checkouts, which enables the customer to spend less time waiting in line for a cashier. This is an area, where whole foods could look to capture the hazard and excel in.ThreatsCompetitors The list of competitors for Whole Foods keeps on increasing, most grocery stores are starting to introduce a section of organic/healthy foods section at their store, as a result of which this could begin to influence Whole Foods customer base. Gas Prices When gas prices rise, the cost of shipping food ris es, and when the cost of shipping the food rises, so does Whole Foodss operating costs. (Whole Foods, 2014).Implementation of IT into the Whole Foods BusinessAs discussed above with the SWOT Analysis of the company, Whole Foods certainly is a very financially sound and a major player in the organic food industry, however, it is important for Whole Foods, to continue striving upon increasing/ bettering the customer experience at all of its stores. Whole Foods, has a strong customer base, however, we need to make sure that they continue to retain the customers and take measures to grow its customers base. There are at least a couple IT implementations that could be integrated with our current business model, to increase Whole Foods client Experience. Rewards Program Most of Whole Foods customers currently have some type of rewards program for its customer. Consequently, if Whole Foods were to introduce this Whole Foods customers will be able to actualise points that can be redeemed for discounts and store experiences, such as cooking classes, tickets to locally held Organic Trade Shows etc. (Turner, 2014).Self- Checkout Counters Most grocery/retailers have started to have self- checkout registers, this would decrease customer wait time, and thereby, enhance the customer experience at the store. Furthermore, other advantages of self-checkout include, it takes up lessspace, it is estimated that up to six self-checkout kiosks, can take up to the same amount of space a single traditional checkout with a cashier would take. (BusinessBee, n.d.) ITs assistance would be needful to implement the rewards program, we would first need to create a way that customers could access the Whole Foods Rewards Card using a mobile/tablet app, a physical card ( with barcode) and on the website. Customers could earn points/ coupons, for every dollar spent at Whole Foods, you would earn 1 Organic Point, after you have put in a certain number of Organic Points, it could be redeemed for various different things at the store, some of which include, tickets to Whole Foods Quarterly Organic Trade Shows, preparedness classes, Discounts/coupons at the store etc.Whole Foods as a company continues to excel, although we need to ensure that we as a company are staying ahead of our quantify and continuing to keep our focus on enriching our customers experience when they visit their local Whole Foods store.ReferencesBusinessBee-The Pros and Cons of Using Self-Checkouts (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2014. confederacy Info. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company-info Our Values and Mission. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.wholefoodsmarket.com/careers/our -values-and-mission Turner, N. (2014, September 15). Whole Foods to Test Rewards Program as Competition Grows. Retrieved September 20, 2014. Whole Foods Market Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2014.

Gender segregated schools Essay Example for Free

Gender segregated aims EssayThe Benefits and Dis gains of Single-Sex Education Schools in archaean 17th deoxycytidine monophosphate America were fist modeled after English learning institutions after Puritans immigrated over to the English colonies. Originally only rich white males were allowed to bet educate to learn how to read and write. In legion(predicate) cases, most p atomic number 18nts placed their boys into the nine month long curriculum to keep them out of mischief. For the otherwise three months of the year, students would be released from school during the summer months to lend a hand on their familys arms to help cultivate the land and raise animals. During the summer months, wealthy white girls attended these same schools often taught by a female instructor to learn to read and write. Of the girls who could attend the schools, many were kept at home to be taught the essentials for their in store(predicate) such as cooking, sewing, and the caretaking of bab ies and toddlers (A Short History). Fast forward one hundred long time and the first co informational schools can be establish appearing in the American colonies, primarily the New England area. In these schools the major focus was to teach children how to read, specifically for religious purposes.The likely cause of the integration of boys and girls in schools is intellection to be stemmed from growing meter of female church numbers and the practical require campaign forcets of finding enough children to support schools in sparsely populated regions making schools much practical to spread religion (A Short History). After the revolutionary war, American citizens saw that womens education was important and was needed to promote good citizens and great leading in society. With this state of mind, many private schools opened their doors to coeducation and allowed both boys and girls to attend school together.Until the late 1840s, only rich white boys and girls were allowed to at tend schools because in that location was no government funded schools. That changed when reformers Horance Mann and Henry Barnard succeeded with their efforts to promote a free public school system. This finally allowed all white children to attend schools together for free. The only exception to gender-integrated schools where Catholic families who objected the practice of coeducation on moral and religious grounds and that males and females had profoundly distinct purposes to fulfill (A Short History).Because of this many catholic schools remained segregated y gender. In the early 1900s many schools created classes specifically to prepare boys and girls for their future. Girls were taught home economics and traditionally feminine labor skills, such as secretarial run away and or garment-making charm boys were educate in industrial arts, bookkeeping, and commercial geography (A Short History). These classes were introduced for the importance of the growing labor market of the time period.In todays society, some parents are approach with placing their children in gender- segregated schools or in public schools to soften benefit their children. The problem brains of the two genders learn different subjects at different ages. So, with this, boys or girls have an advantage over each other. The same happens when puberty becomes a factor in adolescence as sound as in high school with distractions. On the other side, there are in addition benefits to public schools such as socialization with the adversary stimulate and better preparation for the real world.Then there are gender segregated schools that better accommodate teaching methods and times for specific sexes as well as better grades, less competition, and fewer distractions. Again there re bad sides to this too, such as less socializing and less competition to prepare someone for their future Job. With all of these factors, any parent faced with a decision like this go away have a hard time figu ring out what type of education their child should receive. One of the major arguments people make supporting gender-segregated schools is the fact that boys and girls brains differ in many different aspects.Whether it is an emotional difference or the structure of the brain, one gender forget do better in class than the other. In 2007, a team of neuroscientists from the National Institute of Mental Health conducted a study on subjects ranging in age from three to twenty- seven years old both male and female. Their results showed that the occipital lobe of the brain where visual processing is mostly associated with is developed much more(prenominal) rapidly in six to ten year old girls, as opposed to the male brain where this lobe does the majority of its development after fourteen years of age (Novotney).Another major brain difference between the girls and boys is that a girls corpus callosum is twenty- five per centum larger than a boys, making girls better at multit petition. A girls prefrontal ortex also develops earlier and larger than that of a boy, making girls better at abstract thinking and thought analysis as well as making better choices between right and wrong (McBride). Meanwhile, the cerebral cortex where mechanical and spatial thinking is conducted is used much more in boys. This results in boys having an easier time learning with movement and pictures as opposed to girls.With these different developed sections of the brain, girls gain an upper hand in classrooms over boys by slipway of better listening, sensory memory, and especially reading and writing. However, boys gain an upper hand over girls in maths as Leonard Sax a Ph. D. in psychological science and author of Why Gender Matters explains the fact that many middle-school boys await to learn algebra better when you give way with numbers, whereas many same-age girls seem to be more engaged if you start with a word problem.For example, if you are teaching equations in multiple variab les, the typical 7th-grade boy will do better if you begin by asking If x + 2y = 60, and 2x + y = 90, how do we solve for x and y? But the typical 7th-grade girl will be more engaged if you begin by asking If a sweater and two blouses cost $60, and two sweaters and a louse cost $90, how much does each blouse and each sweater cost? (Sax 15). By splitting boys and girls in school, a teacher can adjust a test to where the two genders of students both benefit from word or equation only math problems.According to Lisa Damour, Co-director of the Center for Research on Girls at Laurel school, a girls day school claims that the benefit of single-sex schools is that they offer the dynamic of having only one sex in the classroom at a time, creating girls class that would not work as effectively in a boys class and vice versa (Novotney). That way boys and girls are taught the same subject at different times in a better gender specified look. Many studies have statistically shown support tow ards gender-segregated schools as being better for students in both education and even individual(prenominal)ity.A study was conducted by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania studying schools in Seoul South Korea that every which way assigned students to either attend a coed or gender-segregated school. In these schools, all students were from different socioeconomic backgrounds. The results of this study found that girls in gender- egregated schools were more likely to attend college after graduation as compared to girls at coeducational schools the same appeared in boys of both types of schools. Both boys and girls in these gender-segregated schools made higher test scores than coed schools in the same city.In another study conducted by Betta Hannover and her colleague Ursula Kessels found that American girls in girl only schools were more comfortable with physics. The National origin for Educational Research in England also supports that boys and girls do better on t est scores and boilersuit grades as compared to coed students regardless of background factors. The study also backs up the Hannover and Kessels study by finding that girls at single-sex schools were more likely to take non-traditional courses courses which run against gender stereotypes (Single-Sex).Student grades at single-sex schools could be better than evaluate by both boys and girls because boys and girls in the single sex schools are more comfortable enrolling in contradicting gender-stereotypical classes, like girls interested in computer science, and boys in art. These classes could seem a bit more difficult for some students bringing their overall grade down a bit even if it is in egard to students in different nations or here in America.Researcher for the Australian Council for Educational Research Cornelius Riordan found that most boys and girls who attend single-sex catholic schools were from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, yet these students obtained better grades t han coed students (Single- Sex). This backs the study done by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, that socioeconomic background does not play a major role on a students grades as thought by many people who oppose single-sex schools.Riordan also found that students in these catholic schools view learning in a more dictatorial manner which ould be another reason as to why students in single-sex schools do much better than coed students. In another study conducted in Jamaica by Marlene Hamilton found that students attending single-sex schools out preformed students in coed schools in almost every subject tested which confirmed the research done in Australia, South Korea, England, and America (Single-Sex). With many studies on students all over the world being reconciled, it proves that single-sex schools are better for a students education.Not only do single-sex schools benefit a students education, but their overall focus and character as well. At Thurgood Marshall Elemen tary School in Seattle, principle Benjamin Wright led the movement of the schools traditional coed classroom backing to single-sex classrooms. Before this transition he would address over thirty misbehaving children a day, eighty percent of which were boys. In regard to the Washington Assessment of Student Learning, the single-sex classrooms, there were on average one or two students sent to the office for misbehavior a day.The boys reading average rose to sixty-six percent while their writing average also went up to fifty-three percent (Single-Sex). All of this was done under the same teachers for boys and girls. At an inner-city high school in Montral who underwent the same type of transition also saw positive results. The number of students skipping class dropped by thirteen percent to Just seven percent. Fifteen percent more of students passed their final exams as opposed to before where sixty- five passed. Finally, the rate of students continuing their education in college dou bled what it used to be before the switch.With these consistent positive results, many schools will turn to the idea of following these footsteps and transition to single-sex schools or classrooms to benefit all students in their education and haracter. Although segregating students by gender has its positive results, it also has negative results in students psychologically and socially. New York Times writer Tamar Lewin stresses the strongest argument against single-sex education is that it reduces boys and girls opportunities to work together, and reinforces sex stereotypes (Lewinl).By splitting the two genders apart, students will not know how to properly work together or even communicate with one another. According to the American Psychological Association, school is preparation for the freehanded life and how oys and girls learn to interact will dictate relationships formed in the workplace (Saunders). As students are separated by gender, they miss vital chances to work with o ne another and build important social skills. By segregating students, they are missing out on learning those very skills needed outside of school such as an engineering firm where thoughts from multiple engineers take place.A female engineer who spent her entire school life including college in single-sex classes whitethorn feel a bit more uncomfortable speaking out her ideas to the male engineers. Not only oes this affect people in the work place, it affects their personal relationships as well, for example, a male trying to meet women to date, becomes much more difficult. If he has spent little or no time communicating with the opposite sex, he may feel shy or awkward. Elizabeth Danish explains Part of the idea of going to school is to prepare your child for real life when they leave. in that location is no doubt that the real world is mixed gender rather than single sex and so that means that the best way to do this would be to emulate that in school. Further, learning to talk to members of he opposite sex is a very important skill and one that can leave you at a significant disadvantage if youve never had a chance to practice. By experimenting with relationships now when things are less serious, your child will be better at managing and finding them when they leave (Danish). She also believes that in coed schools students become more understanding of each other and are more open minded of new conditions.Danish then suggests that building a feminine side to men could help them better understand girls and reduce the changes of sexism in schools. The problem with some single-sex schools is that he ideas of men are better than girls or in some cases women are better than men begins to circulate and lowers the self-confidence and self-esteem of some students. Another problem go about single-sex classrooms is lack of trained teachers to What could be done to better benefit students in single-sex schools is to have the two genders attend the same school in dif ferent buildings.With this, students could be integrated during lunch hours and for elementary schools even recess. This way the two genders can socialize with one another and not be completely segregated passim all twelve years of school. This socialization can help prepare boys and girls for life outside and after high school in both work life and relationships with one another. In regards to single-sex classrooms, studies show how boys are encouraged or more engaged in learning subjects can be implemented in teaching methods for specifically boys and vice versa for girls.With this, teachers can know what method of teaching works better so they can use it only for boys and only for girls. The numbers of single-sex schools have been on the rise in the past fifteen years and will continue to go up because they are proving to better benefit students education and personality. However, many advocates believe that the psychological and sociological downsides to this form of education are harmful to students and outweigh the positives.

Digital Divide Date (DDD) Impact

Digital Divide Date (DDD) ImpactDifferent from new(prenominal) forms of entrepreneurship, sociable entrepreneurships priority is to promoting some(prenominal) brotherly value and economic value, as well as solving social problems. Most social enterprises ar self-sustaining, and they heading under served, disfavour or distressed markets. Thus social entrepreneurship creates social impact in m each areas, especi bothy successful social enterprises.Digital Divide Date(DDD) as a internationally recognised non-profit social enterprise, whose social mission is to help economically or physically disadvantaged young adults, it practiced screwment successfully in Cambodia and Laos. DDDs successful pipeline sit down and cognitive process, as well as its impact on society reflects that social entrepreneurship creates social impact.DDDs impact put forward be seen in several areas as below.Firstly, DDD educated disadvantaged young adults to learn skills and helped them to exit furth er progress in their education. Indeed, they provided its employees with computer training and English classes, as well as gave perceptions to all employees to study for job related degree at a local university. on that pointfore it had impact on education, at least among its employees, in these two countries.Secondly, DDD created jobs and provided opportunities for disadvantaged youth, who were less competitive in finding jobs due to lack of education. Once fireed, employees are trained about six months before starting work. Through its internally developed training program, employees learned basic skills, as well as stemma-specific skills. However, after 3 or 4 years when employees graduated, intimately of them unavoidableness to drop dead the comp any(prenominal) and moved to other local firms, which is a way of maximize the impact on educating to a largeer extent disadvantaged young adults. In this way, DDD is able to recruit and educate as many mickle as possible. More over, as the number of demarcation clients grew, so did the employees. Thus DDD made a job creation in Cambodia and Laos.Thirdly, DDD, as a social entrepreneur, made international partnership with a French NGO in 2008. DDD co-operated with the Centre for Information Systems Training(CIST) to provide IT training scholarship to disadvantaged Cambodian youth and help them find jobs in the local IT market, as well as train DDDs employees. The partnership plan was continued and expanded, which is a way of facilitating in the midst of different companies, even between different countries.At last, to scale up DDDs social impact globally, it wanted to grow existing mathematical process to 1500 people and expand globally, which was aim to help more people in father reaches of the world. It had several strategies, such as organic growth, partnership, joint ventures, or social franchising. However, whichever strategy it was, the mission was to help more people who were economically or physi cally disadvantaged through all over the world. Therefore, this mental of scaling up or growth would bring more social benefits to the society.DDD, as a social entrepreneur, although it faced operational challenge in many ways, its communication channel model surely promoted social value, as well as economic value, since it educated people, created jobs, made a partnership with other friendship. In addition, its success wasnt not save just confined to Cambodia and Laos, but also international cooperation. Moreover, it also worked on solving these countries social problems, such as healthcare.In conclusion, whether it is non-profit social entrepreneur or not, as long as it is successful and its mission is to integrate social and economic value creation, it impart bring social benefits to society domestically, or internationally. Moreover, maven successful social entrepreneur ordain encourage or attract other entrepreneurs to become social. Therefore, social entrepreneurship i s a way of creating social impact.1500-2000 Words. One and a half line spacing, Arial or Times New Roman, 10, 11 or 12 Point using in text citation where relevant and appropriate.2.01 foundation garmentThe aim of setting up the Food Truck-Vanpire is to take our various types of meals and soft drinks to wherever we can find our target market. It could be on the beach, a snatch ground, as well as any festivals or events. Another aim is to build recognized viands motortruck brand, which pull up stakes provide people heights grapheme and full-blooded feed faster at a cheaper price.We allow for offer our customers the opportunity to either purchase our neatly packed nutritions or take their orders and we entrust prepare it. We view as perfected plans not to allow our customers wait longer than necessary.At The Food Truck-Vanpire, our meals entrust be prepared, served and sold at a pocket friendly price, as well as environment friendly. The health of our customers and low represent are of top most priority to us.The mobile viands truck is certainly not a new indus discipline here, since Pop Washer established CBD icon The White Lady in 1948. However, the industry is overmuch hotter than ever and we want to sire a stake in this market. Our goal is grow the food truck business to have franchises all over NZ.2.02 searchThere are nearly 105 food trucks all over NZ and 44 of them located in Auckland, on that pointfore surely that will be high school competence. As a team together, we critically studied the market to know if we are truly ready to launch our mobile food truck business in Auckland.Below are summary of the SWOT and PEST analysis that was conducted on behalf of The Food Truck-Vanpire1. SWOT summaryStrengthDue to the particular that the truck is a mobile food establishment, thus not being tied to a single fixing, will help us maximize profits at different emplacements. Having an eco-friendly food truck on campus or CBD during late nig ht hours will allow students or office worker to get their hands on food without leaving the campus and having to worry about getting home or to their next destination. And it is also available to serve different food at any clock time and any location to meet customer makes.WeaknessThe first weakness is our lacking of experience, being a new entrant, we need a distribute of paper work and learning work to do before operating food truck business. The second weakness is that the food truck has limited add-in selections, so that the importance of this business is offering unique food or a vagabond of food selections. The last weakness should be permits. Due to the fact the truck will need numerous permits to be able to dispense food at various locations.OpportunitiesNot tying down to one location is a good opportunity for our business, since we have various locations to set down. For example we could serve our foods and beverage in two or more different location at a day, as lon g as we figure out when and how move from one location to another. Unlike restaurant, if one location doesnt work well, we can choose another one to operate our business. Another opportunity is various food selection. If a type of food is not selling well, it is easy to try another type of cuisine.ThreatLike any other business we have our own threat as well. Since it is a mobile food truck, one of the threat could traffic problem in rush hours, which can delay our movement. As a result we could miss our golden time and lost our customer in our intend area. Another threat we could face is parking. Indeed it is difficult to find a place to park at some locations, which means we cannot sell food at all. The last threat is the government policies, which could also pose a great threat to the mobile food truck industry.2. PEST AnalysisPoliticalFood trucks have become a wildly popular and important part of the hospitality industry, and they are more environment friendly than any other food industries. So that since food truck first started in NZ, government vindicateded many channels to food truck business and on that point are well established guidelines provided by Auckland Council. With the growing of food truck industry, as long as the trucks continues providing honest and quality food, there would be more channels and places that government would open to food trucks.EconomicThe food trucks attract pedestrians to commercial districts which means increased sales and a more vibrant retail business overall. By offering low-price, culturally diverse and health food for people, they give people more reasons to frequent local shopping districts. They also second with festivals (events) and provide various food and drinks to participants, which brings increased sales to themselves and the organizers. Furthermore, they are more environment friendly than restaurants, which is another way of economic benefit for society. genialBy offering low-cost and culturally divers e food for people, the food truck as a form of business, becomes a trend among new entrepreneurs, especially young generation, which is a way of starting a new own business. Its social value is not only creating opportunities for unemployment, but also contributing to the rise of both food and local tourism, as well as itself becomes a tour s bow windowpane. Moreover, It cooperates perfectly with majority of festivals and being a apart of them gives more pleasures to the people.TechnologicalThe food truck manufacturing techniques has strongly influenced the mobile food business , which is capable for business runners design their own unique trucks, as well as IT techniques. Indeed, Smartphones and social media in particular have taken the mobile food business to a different level. Most food trucks are using the internet to cargo hold customers communicate of their locations in real-time and engage with customers.2.03 Business Opportunitya. showtime cost of entry.-compare with oth er food industries, food truck costs less to start the business.b. Low cost and easy market.-most food truck does market through social media, such as twitter and facebook, so that cost less than any other business. c. Mobility.-unlike restaurants, food truck can diverge selling location one to another, which means more opportunities to this business.d. Diverse food choices-unlike restaurants, food truck can change menu one to another easily, which means more opportunities.2.04 IndustryHospitality Industry2.05 OwnershipGeneral Partnership The Vanpire will be owned by three founders and operated as General partnership.2.06 Vision StatementTo be a leading mobile fast food provider by expanding more outlets anywhere in New Zealand. Will be recognized by selling franchise in neighboring country like Australia and be known globally in which the people will value the convenience and great tastes.2.07 Mission StatementOur main mission is to offer a conveniently fast and mouthpiece wate ring fused Asiatic-Western delicacy in the busy streets of Auckland.2.08 Goals and ObjectivesObjectivesTo provide delicious meals at the healthy price with a taste of a fused culinary experience at the customers convenience.To be known as the leading hunger buster mobile cuisine in the streets of Auckland.GoalTo establish a advantageous mobile cuisine in a way that customers satisfaction is more valued by providing clean, healthy and delicious meals. That will make customers want to glide by again and again.To earn $120,000 profit of business year to cover up all expenses.To be recognize member of food chain industry that will be able to expand the business opportunity by opening more branches (mobile or mall outlets) after 3 years of productive operation or by selling a franchise nationwide.2.09 Structures, Systems and ProcessesLocationsThe Primary location of the mobile food restaurant is in the heart of Aucklands Central Business District, where the most people will be seen. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses that will be a very important part of the food business. The target markets of the mobile food restaurants would be the residents, tourists, employees and even the passerby. The city also has an educational institution where the students are also part of the target market. Auckland is a melting pot and has a rich cultural diversity which give us the idea to fused Asian-Western cuisines.Facility Truck dimensions 11H X 25L X 7.5WThe Vanpire will be open for 7 days a week for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The shifts and the schedules will be written by one of the Manager Mr.Bo Huang. Mr.Bo Huang will be in fool in the daily work shifts and the location of the mobile food restaurant. He will plan and decide the route and area our Vanpire food truck will be situated. The storage and inventory will be the responsibility of Mr.Huang, He will ensure the freshness of the food that will come from the warehou se. He will have the checklist on the store materials and replenished the stocks regularly.To make certain of the quality of the food, Mr. Ranie Lopez will be giving in-house training to the new employees about the food hygiene and proper(ip) food manipulation. Setting up the list of daily menus is one of the responsibilities of Mr. Lopez. He will make sure that the food is delicious thatthe customers will return again and again. Health and safety of our employees and customers are important to us.Mr. Lopez will ensure that our company is 100% compliance to the New Zealand Health and Safety legislation.Ms. Rochelle Pagayonan will be handling the recruitment of the personnel. She will be handling the recruitment process, job interviews and even the pay rolls. Ms. Pagayonan will be also handling the administrative job, she will define all the necessary licenses, permits and fees that the Vanpire food truck needs for the operations. She will liaise to every supplier from rice produc ts up to the vegetables.Ms. Pagayonan will also create the opportunity to cater and setting up our Vanpire Food truck in any events that will be held here in Auckland, events like concerts, amusement park or festivals. She will be keeping purchasing records, invoices and daily expenditures.Customer is the heart of our business and their satisfaction is valued at Vanpires food truck. They shall be greeted by our server or manager on duty at the service counter area taking the orders. Once the customers order has been taken the receipt will be passed on the cook. The cook will take the order receipt then prepare the meal. The meal essential be prepared in at least 2 minutes per order and mustiness be allowed to the customer in warm temperature. The kitchen is equipped with oven, griddle, 2 deep fryers, refrigerator, and a juice dispenser as well as a coffee maker. Three personnel will be in the shift, the cook, server and the duty manager. The Vanpire Food truck will be clean on s tarting shift and during the end shift. It will be job of the duty manager to drive the food truck and must be a authorise driver. The closing personnel will do the inventory and must prepare the materials that will be used next day. All the sales profit will be handled by the on duty manager.Business timingsMonday 900am to 500pmTuesday 900am to 500pmWednesday 900am to 500pmThursday 900am to 500pmFriday 900am to 500pmSaturday/Sundays 700am to 200pmSuppliersSuppliers gave us the reasonably best prices to support our product and daily operations. We shall be establishing good relationship with our qualified suppliers. These suppliers can deliver according to the schedule.2.10 Target Market and Marketing StrategyTarget Market StrategyThe Vanpire food truck is committed to deliver high quality Hesperian and Asian food to different consumers who are around the CBD area that are looking for fast, affordable and pure food. Even though the Food truck is designed for everybody but the big gest buyers are the young adults ages from 25-35 years old who wants fast and delicious food from the food truck not to mention that most of the people in that age are very fond in attending events like concerts and sports events.The idea of starting food truck business is to sell foods in the areas where the people find difficulties in locating nearby restaurants or people who wants fast and affordable foods. In places like flea markets, camping grounds, sports event center, music festivals, construction sites, carnival these are the components that will guide in choosing our location.Strategic optionsCost leadinghip One of the main goal of the Vanpire food truck is to serve a healthy food for the customers at a very low price, the management meticulously choose the best supplier in the area but with a reasonable price of ingredients used for the meal so that the customers could have a fresh and healthy food.Differentiation The Vanpire Food truck is unique from other food trucks i n Auckland because the concept of the food truck is a fusion of Asian and Western cuisine so that our valued customers would have something to choose from.Market PenetrationThe Vanpire food truck offers affordable foods below the average price of a normal food truck meal but with abundant servings that is why Vanpire lovers always keep coming back for more. However, if the sales of the food truck increase, the price of the product probably would be the same with the other food truck.Product development all(prenominal) month the Vanpire food truck introduces new western and Asian cuisine for the customers to try on. However, there would be a suggestion box in the food truck and a survey form that the staff would ask kindly to the customers so that if there is any suggestions and complaints from the customers regarding the service and the products that the Vanpires offer would be heard by the management.Marketing Strategy The vampire food truck marketing strategy is based on providing our customers with the most delicious western and Asian food at a very low price. We will start our first food truck as a foodtruck tester. If the food truck business would make a good market we will plan to expand a few more food trucks in the future.We will create a loyalty plan for our loyal customers. For every meal that they will purchase, we will give them discounts and even freebies in celebrating our food truck anniversary every year.Social media ( i.e facebook, twitter, instagram ) is our last tactic in our marketing strategy it is where we will be announcing our schedules daily so that our valued customers would know where to find us.2.11 Personnel Plan The Vanpire is a small business where employees are categories including a Duty Manager/Driver, Cook/Chef and Window Attendant. Mr. Huang will be the Duty Manager/Driver of the food truck. Whenever there is a last minute absence of the employees Mr. Huang and Mr. Lopez is responsible for filling the position. We assume tha t there would be a total of three employees. One chef and one window follower in the food truck and one kitchen hand in the warehouse for food preparation. There would be a part-time Chef and Window attendant every weekend so that the regular staff would have their two days off every week.Two of the owners Mr. Lopez and Mr. Huang will be in attendance during business hours to supervise the food truck.PositionQuantityRateAvg HrsSub-totalTotalDuty Manager1Chef1$17.008$ 136Window attendant1$15.008$ 120Kitchen hand1$15.004$ 60Total staff cost$ 3162.12 Critical analysisThe Vanpire food truck is owned by Mr. Huang, Mr. Lopez, and Ms. Pagayonan. The main purpose of their food truck business is to deliver excellent, faster and affordable food for their customer. It is a trend nowadays to own a food truck business here in Auckland . It is an advantage to food truck businesses in events in carnival grounds, music festival grounds and even in sports event centers to sell their goods where res taurants and other food establishments are not available in the area. The starting bang-up of their food truck business can range to 100,000 NZD, with a reasonable amount of capital in starting up a business.The vampire food truck with their unique fusion of western and Asian delicacies can be a big hit even though there were a good amount of other food trucks in the area.2.13 closingThe management is very positive that the Vanpire Food Truck can reach its goals, producing sales of approximately $120,000 by the end of the year. The Vanpires food truck management cautiously considered its customer satisfaction wholeheartedly and its ability to grow its sales average to capture market share in food industry.The operational issues that we had identified which are pitying resource and product quality. Human resource is one of the issues an entrepreneur is facing because it is the most important part of any business. Human is a capital of any business and will not work properly withou t this capital. Failing to properly manage human resource will have a great effect on the business operation, cost and especially the quality of the product or the service rendered. In Human resource, delegating the right person on the right task. To be in effect(p), human resource personnel must ensure the competency of the person by evaluating the applicants knowledge, skills and experience fit for the position. Failing to hire experienced personnel will have a great impact in time and costs. Hiring a highly competent person is not the end of human resource process. To an efficient employee the employers must provide hands on training for their new employees, skills development and performance evaluation for their existing employees. Poor human resources have a strong link with the product and service quality. Poor quality is one of the operational issue a company is facing. In any business the most important people are the clients or the customers and their satisfaction must be guaranteed. The life of the business is in the customers so the Quality of the product must be ensured at all times. Delivering poor quality products or services to the customers may become a problem to the organization. Customers may lose the trust on the organization and may never use the product if the product is bad. A company with poor quality product my lose their reputation as well. For an example, a construction company with a poor performance due to the poor quality of the service will have a increased in cost because of the repetition of work and delay of the time allocated to the project. Quality must be in high priority and a good input will have a good outcome. Company must ensure the quality control of their service delegate a competent quality inspector to guarantee the quality of the product. Material to be use must be check for the quality.One of the management issues is stress management. Work related stress is normal to every company or a working person. There are many reasons why people get work related stress. Delay in schedule, conflict between situations, task overload, lack of sleep and even work relationships are the causes of work related stress. Stress management is important to every working persons even what kind of work a person is doing there will be always a stress and it is always how people react or handle it. There are many ways to management stress at work. First way to handle stress is take care of yourself first, take a volume of sleep and healthy food of course you cannot work properly if you are drained. Maintain social circle outside work, life must not rove around work only. Always be prepared on the potential issues and prepare a contingency plan. Put first things firsts and have a to do list and work schedules to allow prioritization. Second management issue will be time management, poor time management will be nerve-racking to every entrepreneurs. Poor time management may lead to overload of work or a delay in del ivery of service.Good time management is essential to entrepreneurs and it helps them handle the priorities. Entrepreneurs must set up a prioritization from high priority to low priority and must delegate the responsibilities to his competent personnel. qualification a schedule helps entrepreneurs plan and organize business activity which will aid him identify the crucial task. Entrepreneurs must have a daily checklist that will aid him to recognize things that have been already done and emphasize which activity needs attention.Creating a solid culture is a main core in every company. So every leader must consider some steps to give strong foundation of their company. Its not always business operations first, people second, behind every successful company there is a people behind it, who work hard every day to help achieve the companys goal. First, there would always be a transparency so that the employees will feel that they have knowledge of the companys strategy and responsibil ities. For example, during monthly meetings of every department the managers would cover the companys whereabouts, what would be the next project or if there are any issues regarding the services. Second is, every employees need to balance their work and personal life, sometimes we need to take a moment to stop and try to hit the reset button, so every manager or employer must consider their employees life, so that employees could count on effectively and be productive in their work, or the company could arrange team building activities so that the employees could relax and have some fun at the same time. The more the employee feels happy in his life the more productive he/she is. Third, communicating to your employees. If there is an issues that needs to be discuss, it might be effective to try to gather all your employees immediately and talk to them what went wrong in a project/ or services that they offer, or you could even talk to them on occasion about their life outside wo rk so that they would feel comfortable to open up to you. Fourth, set your organizational design into place. It is simply shows how you do things in your company. It includes communication, company policies, employee responsibilities, meetings etc. For example, every month there would be a meeting in every department? How about every section? Does it need to have meetings every month as well? What are the specific duties and responsibilities of every employee in the human resource department? If you have it designed well, every employee in your company will do their jobs effectively. Fifth, the employee must feel empowered and have a sense of freedom in their work. For example, in giving guidelines it must be specific and let the employees to their best without criticizing every step that they make in doing the task.The more freedom they have on their task, however you can manage them but not too much micromanaging them, help them find solutions, the more they feel being part of the organization and contribute in the culture of the company. And lastly, in every employee individual achievement there is always a reward waiting for them. In other companies there are many dedicated and excellent employees, however, they were taken for granted for all their effort in the company, they feel left out. Sometimes, the company must give their employees some motivation to achieve their task. Company leaders must be generous to their staff, because the main foundation in every organization is the people working behind it.ReferencesStreet trading and performance. (2017). Auckland Council Web site. Retrieved July 2016, fromhttp//www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/licencesregulations/streettrading/Pages/mobileshopsandstalls.aspxStreet trading and performance (Auckland Council 2017)Mark Piscopo (2017). Fast Business Plans Web site. Retrieved fromhttp//www.fastbusinessplans.com/sample-business-plans/restaurant-business-plan.html?showall=start=2Restaurant Business Plan (Mark Piscop o 2015)Brett Lindenberg (2016). Food Truck pudding stone Web site. Retrieved fromThe Complete Breakdown of Food Truck Operation CostsStarting a food truck? (Brett Lindenberg 2016)

The Things They Carried Philosophy Essay

The Things They Carried philosophy EssayThe Things They Carried is author by storyteller Tim OBrien and addresses truth through fiction. He has taken the acts of the Vietnam War and told them through a series of stories. The characters listed in the book may actu all toldy be true exclusively their actions may not be or not in the substance OBrien tells the stories. He does not write in this book a historical account of the war but or else tells us about experiences that the soldiers had. In the chapter How to Tell a War Story (64) OBrien tells us that the truth is ugly and that war is not al airs about the notoriety or bravery of the soldiers. The stories ar more about the soldiers feelings than the actual acts of war.I came to realize quickly that the book was about what the soldiers carried such as guilt trip, sadness, mental perplexity and ego doubt over acts of war and not the actual possessions. I cerebrate people carry burden every day. I carry the guilt over my div orce and the item that I wanted it so badly. I have it away that I will carry that guilt the rest of my life in time though my life instantly is much better. Could I have tried harder? Did the divorce truly harm my son in anyway?The Things They Carried was a sticky book for me to read and I have to admit that reading the book actually has increased my concern for my son who is currently serving in Iraq. at once of my greatest fears is what he carries home with him later he has completed his mission. I understand that he may experience things thing that no one great deal image much same(p) what OBrien wrote about. I am sure his experience is much different than what is referenced in OBriens book since we are not competitiveness the same kind of war. Those men had no choice they had to serve when called upon. My son has chosen to serve of his own free will and is actually enjoying his deployment even horizon silently I worry about him.Human behavior is very strange especial ly in the act of war. Soldiers will do things that most tender beings would not think of. In the normal routine of our day we do things that are strange. At work we may act a certain way so we can keep our job. Soldiers do the same thing they act a certain way to stay alive and deal with the issue of war. In the chapter How to Tell a True War Story OBrien explains how war affects the soldiers minds. They hear voices, music, talking but there is nada there. The soldiers call in fire spring and there still is nothing there. The soldiers mind played tricks. The human mind can affect human behavior.Pre-Socratic Greek PhilosophersThalesThales was known as a primary Greek philosopher and mathematician and introduced the idea of geometry. He was a successful business man and started his own school of philosophy which taught math and astronomy. Thales is also known for his thoughts on graphic rather than supernatural views for events such as earthquakes. Looked upon as a man of knowled ge and wisdom, Thales was named one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece.Thales was one of the founders of math and apply geometry but make a name for himself by establishing the need for deductive reasoning and proof for demonstrating a statement. Before Thales, geometry was focused on measuring surfaces and solids. He focused on lines, circles and triangles and is known for the five basic theorems of geometry.Besides his interest in geometry and math, he enjoyed astronomy. He is most noted for astronomical observations when he predicted a solar eclipse. It is thought he learned to predict the eclipse while in Babylon where they kept detailed records of astronomical events for years. With well kept records, Thales was able to purport when an eclipse would occur and in what year.Thales confided the earth was flat and floated on water. Water was the origin of all life and was the one element needed to grow and aliment all things. He also believed that supernatural events could be expl ained by natural events. That an earthquake was caused when the earth was rocked by waves.It is thought Thales died fewtime around 546 BC and was the exactly one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece to be declared wise multiple times. His philosophy became to be known as the Ionian School of Philosophy (Thales of Miletus, 2005).HeraclitusHeraclitus lived from 540-ca to 480 BC and tried to explain the nature of the universe by using logos or reason as the guide to all things, specifically fire. Heraclitus was natural in Ephesus and is thought to have renounced his social status, probably king, to his br separate. He was a lonely man who looked for the truth within himself and his works were similar to the writings of other philosophers.Much of Heraclitus work, On the Nature of the Universe, exists today but the work is difficult to interpret due to the use of abbreviations and style of writing. The basis of Heraclitus philosophy is the world of appearance, all things are constantly cha nging. Change is due to the idea that opposites guide all changes such as hot and cold, day and night, good and bad. He also believed that things that are inconsistent through conflict or tension are a type of harmony.Heraclitus thought the cosmos had always existed but did not come to reality at some specific time that fire is the basic substance in the cosmos and all elements are changed because of it. He thought that the human person may come to understand the truth of the cosmos even though military man understanding may only be child like.He commanded humans to learn the nature of the universe through the understanding of their own souls and was considered to be one of the first mental philosophers. Heraclitus was one of the first Greek philosophers to focus on the problem of knowledge and was the first to note the importance of an understanding of the soul as the beginning to understanding the world (Heraclitus, 2005).EmpedoclesEmpedocles was a philosopher, poet, politician and visionary. He highly-developed a philosophy around four elements in the universe and defined matter as the various ratios of these elements.Empedocles was born in Sicily to a wealthy family and named after his grandfather. His sharp intellect suffered him to combine his talents in philosophy, natural history, poetry and politics to accomplish popular status in his day. He was thought to be the journeyman of rhetoric which is used in politics. He was popular because of his support of democracy.His scientific exploration included mysticism but his philosophies contained the basic laws of physics which included nuclear theory. Empedocles followed the Greek philosopher Parmenides in the belief that matter is indestructible. He stated that matter made up all things and the four elements of the universe air, fire, earth and water made up all things according to various ratios of these four elements. Empedocles thought that love and hate controlled how the four elements came togethe r or moved apart.Empedocles introduced the theory of reincarnation because nothing that comes into being can be destroyed only transformed. Later in his life he wrote a poetic piece called On Nature which contained ideas of evolution, the circulation of the caudex and atmospheric pressure. He was the first to state the moon could be seen due to the reflection of light and thought the moon to be one third the blank from the earth to the sun.Empedocles made significant contributions to the philosophy of science. He is credited for founding the Italian school of medicine and was known to have a style for self promotion and public relations which is seen in his writings (Empedocles of Acrages, 2005).Apology-Justice and Duty (i) and Socrates Speaks at his Trial in Plato The Last Days of SocratesSkillful Speaker with Speaking the virtueSocrates contrasts being a skilled speaker with speaking the truth (17b). Today in the media we are exposed to a great deal of false advertising. The co mmercials or print ads are produced and skillfully done. They are colorful, pleasing to the eyes cleaver and many times catch our attention. Americans spend a great deal of capital on these items and many times they are worthless. In the example of the toy company advertising a dancing ballerina, it was determined the television commercial through video made the ballerina dance, not the doll itself.Today in politics, Americans are exposed to very skillful speakers running for political office. When they speak of their platforms, what they believe in, many times it is thought to be what we want to hear and not what it necessarily the truth. Americans are exposed to their cleaver speeches and many times make decisions found upon those skillful speeches.Many times when a political race is about to end and individuals are expected to vote, the ads and political speeches begin to contain damaging schooling and again, this damaging breeding is skillfully delivered but is not always th e truth. We then make a last minute decision based upon this questionable information and find out later it was a bad choice.In Socrates the Apology, Socrates, much like the skillful advertisers, used rhetoric to attempt to sway his accusers. He professed to be a plain main who speaks only simple truth yet he uses cleaver rhetoric and uses words in such a way as to manipulate them to serve a different purpose. Socrates claims he is not a cleaver speaker but the Apology tells us otherwise (The Interplay of becharm News, Advertising, Politics and the Mass Media, 2001).Socrates was not afraid of DeathSocrates continues to tell the accusers that he will not be the formal charges which will destroy him but the damaging gossip and slander. He does not fear conclusion because he is concerned about acting right or wrong. Socrates argues that those who fear death show ignorance, that death is a blessing but those who fear it as an evil thing cannot know it to be such. He points out that h is wisdom lies in the fact that he is aware that he does not know (29a, b).Socrates thought that man should be evaluating his actions as being right or wrong, just or unjust. This is because the value and rightfulness of our lives count. He also thought that man should not be afraid of death, because we do not know what it is. To be afraid of something we do not know is to assume we know and Socrates felt that was unwise. He was not afraid of death because he realized it is a peaceful sleep and you meet those who have died in front you, so how can this be evil?Socrates also thought that man should not stop fighting for what he believes in, even if it leads to death. He felt that he would rather die than give up his philosophical life. Socrates died for a righteous cause, the belief that one should never change their beliefs because of the fear of death. When Socrates declares to the jury, Wherefore, O men of Athens, I say to you, do as Anytus bids or not as Anytus bids, and either acquit me or not but whatever you do know that I shall never alter my ways, not even if I have to die many times, he is giving up his life as an example for the emerging generations. He thought that if he died for a great cause it was justified.Once Socrates was found guilty, he insisted that a just person will not allow anything to count against doing the right thing, no matter the cost. If he chose ordinary good instead of the just course of action he would be choosing an action that was not good for him and he refused to do this. He did not propose an alternative to the death penalty.Socrates chose to accept his fate and becomes known as the greatest hero in the history of philosophy. His main concern in life was excellence in moral character of the soul which has set the foundation for ethics and philosophy today (Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2001).The Last Words in the Apology and Socrates DefenseGod and gods play a huge role in the Apology. The last word in Socrates defensive st ructure is God (42a) and is placed there on purpose. In addressing the charges against him, charged with believing in other gods and corrupting the youth, Socrates does a good job of making the charges have the appearance _or_ semblance ridiculous. When Plato wrote the Apology he emphasizes the importance of the gods in agreement with Socrates wisdom. It was the Oracle of Delphi that proclaims that he is the wisest of the wise (20c) not Socrates. He is not defying the gods but trying to reach some truth and meaning. By asking questions he is gaining knowledge and truth which challenges the accuser to think beyond what they have always known.Socrates accusers try to prove him to be an atheist but fail by establishing Socrates teaches men to acknowledge some gods and that he believes in spirits or demigods (26a). This proves Socrates is not guilty of teaching the youth to not believe in gods of any kind but of introducing the youth to other ideas of god. In the defense of Socrates he delivers the argument that he believes in the spirits or demigods which establishes the fact that he has not corrupted the minds of the youth with ideas of not believing in God, when he himself believes in gods. Socrates tells us in the Apology that we should strive to be like God if God is considered to be the supreme entity.

Secretors And Non Secretors In Human Population Biology Essay

Secretors And Non Secretors In world Population Biology EssayHuman population can be categorized into glands and non- secretery organy organs. They atomic weigh 18 categorized on the basis of presence or absence of the derivation theme antigens (A, B and H) in the embody fluids and secretions, such as saliva, lather, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors be undivideds that publish business separate antigens in their body fluids while non- secretery organs argon the mortals that do non secrete them in their body fluids and secretions.It is a known fact that native alliance subject is controlled by tear flake coding ciphers present on the chromosome 9q34 but the secretor status of an individual is decided by interaction of a reprint element (called secreting ingredient) with these breed type genes. The presence of the secreting gene in a persons genome makes him a secretor and absence makes him a no n secretor. The gene is designated as (Se) for Secretors and (se) for Non-secretors and it is entirely mugwump of the blood type A, B, AB or O. The individuals secreting antigens in the body fluid be designated as ABH secretors in blood banks. Individuals having O blood group secrete antigen H, A blood group secrete A and H antigens, B blood group secrete B and H antigens in the fluids.A secretor gene helps a person to gain a degree of protection against different milieual conditions especially the micro flora of a particular environment and as well as the lectins present in them. It helps them in promoting the growth of friendly, stable blood type intestinal bacterial ecosystem which depends on the blood type antigens present in the mucus of an individual. Secretor status does alter the scratchs present in the body fluids and their secretions and thence it likewise affects and influences the attachment and persistence of the micro flora present in the body. Secretors atomic number 18 at a noble schooler advantage than non-secretors. Non-secretors digest a potential health disadvantage. They possess many metabolic traits such as carbohydrate intolerance, immune susceptibilities. Different tests argon available for determine an individuals secretor status. Most park test uses saliva or other body fluids of an individual for interrogation the secretor status. These tests ar based on the principle of Agglutination Inhibition where the antigens are neutralized by the corresponding antibodies so that these antibodies pass on not be further be available to neutralize or agglutinate the same antigens residing on the scarlet blood cells. ELISA could also be used for determining the presence of the secreted Lewis antigens in the saliva or other body fluids.StatisticsSeries, PlaceReferenceNumber Tested% Secretor% Non-secretorFrequencyFrequencyNegroes, rising York(5)17861.238.80.380.62Danes,Copenhagen(6)26374.026.00.490.51Japanese,Japan.42475.724.30.510.4 9Germans,Berlin(7)36378.022.00.530.47Poles,Poland(8)8879.421.60.540.46Whites, New York(9)7482.417.60.580.42Finns, Helsinki(10)19686.313.70.630.37American, Indians,New Mexico(11)6998.51.50.880.12American, Indians, Utah(12)79100.001.000The allelomorphs Se and se differ in the absolute frequency and suck in an anthropological value. They legislate in different frequency in different populations. They permit a high frequency in the American Indiana and a low frequency in the southern Indians. In US 20% of the population is secretors whereas 80% of the population consist of non-secretors. The fusion allele of the FUT2 (secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase) gene at a high frequency and a new se385 allele in a Korean populationSECRETOR AND NON-SECRETORA person secreting blood group antigens into the body fluids and other secretions like saliva, semen, tear, mucous in the digestive tract and respiratory cavities are named as secretors. In similar terms they put their blood type antigens in the body fluids. They secrete antigens according to their blood type, A secrete antigen A and H, B secret antigen B and H, O secrete antigen O and AB secrete A, B and H antigen. Secretors expresses Lewis b (Leb) antigens on the erythrocyte where as non-secretor expresses Lewis a (Le a) on their RBC.These antigens in the body fluids give sumal protection to the individual against the various microorganisms and the lectins present all around us.15- 20% of the population consists of non-secretor. These individual fail to secrete the blood group antigens in their body fluids hence they do susceptible to bacterial and superficial yeast infections. A large no of them sometimes also suffer from the autoimmune disorder. This could also be correlated with the secretor and non-secretor phenotype. The body secretions of secretors and non-secretors differ quantitatively and also qualitatively. The type and quantity of the antigens present in it differ among different individuals. In some cases the non-secretors may contain the A and B antigens in the saliva but the quantity is less and even quality is very low hence they have similar functional problem.thither are certain properties which are specific for secretors and differ in non-secretors. Some are listed belowIntestinal saltlike phosphatase performanceABH secretor correlates the activeness of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase present in the intestine. Non-secretors have low activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase which is responsible for the breakdown of fat and assimilate calcium. minor molecular weight alkaline is present in both secretors and non-secretors and high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase is present only is secretors.bacterial floraThe ABH blood types influence the population of bacteria residing in the local vicinity of the gut mucin glycoproteins. Bacteria induce enzymes that have the capability to degrade the terminal sugar of ABH blood type antigens and which are consumed as food by them. The B antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to detach the terminal alpha-D-galactose and A antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to detach N-acetylgalactosamine which are used as a source of food by them.Blood clottingThe secretor and the ABO genetics influence each other and influence the variance of the germ plasm dousing of vWf upto 60%. Raised aims of factor VIII and vWf may cause thrombotic and heart affection in future. Secretors have the slowest clotting time, thinnest blood, least tendency of platelet aggregation, low amount of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf). The non-secretors have highest clotting time, thick blood, high amount of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf) and low bleeding time. The blood viscosity is also influenced by the secretor phenotype.Lewis PhenotypeClotting CharacteristicsLe (a- b-)highest activity of factor VIII and vWfShortest bleeding times (especially in A, B and AB )Le (a+ b-) intermediate activityShorter bleeding times (especially for O)Le (a- b+) lowest activity of factor VIII and vWfLongest bleeding times (especially for O)Lewis Blood Type and Clotting FactorsImmunoglobulin levelsABH non-secretors have low levels of IgG immunoglobulin. The secretion of different concentration of different comp one(a)nts of the blood group substances is controlled by the secretor gene and it also affects the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes which trys an conduceed advantage to the non-secretors. The leucocytes of the non-secretors possess a greater ingestion forcefulness when compared to the secretors. The O and B blood group non-secretors have the highest phagocytic activity.The presence of level of anti-I in the serum of an individual is affected by the ABO group, secretor status and sex of the individual. The secretors females have a high level of anti-I in the serum as compared to the males. The non-secretor have low levels of IgA and IgG antibod ies and hence have frequent problems with the heart valve.Genetics and Biochemical pathwaysThe secretion of the blood group antigens in the body fluids and other secretions are genetically influenced by certain allelic genes. Secretor gene contains twain alleles Se and se. Se is dominant and hence is present in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in the secretors which cash in ones chips to the secretion of antigens into the body fluids. se is recessive allele and is present in non-secretors in the homozygous condition. SeSe and seSe produces a dominant secretor phenotype and sese produces a recessive non-secretor phenotype. basically three genes are responsible for the formation of the A and B antigens. They are namely ABO, Hh, and Sese genes encoding glycosyltransferases which produces the A and B antigens. H antigen present in the individual with O blood group is the precursor for the formation of A and B antigens. H antigen act as a backbone on which the A and B antigens are built up. The O gene is considered as amorphic. The allele Hh and Sese reside on each locus and are closely linked together. It is also suggested that one of the allele has arisen by the gene duplication of the other. The H allele is responsible for the production of H antigen on which antigen A and B are built. The second allele on the same locus is really rare. The product related to this allele hasnt been discovered yet and hence it is considered as amorph.The oligosaccharide responsible for the formation of the A and B antigen can exist in a simple linear fashion or a complex branched fashion. Infants A, B and H antigens contain high amount of linear chained oligosaccharide whereas oligosaccharides present in an adult contain high amount of branched chained oligosaccharidesThe A and B antigen is synthesized from a common intermediate known as substance H. The conversion is carried out by the addition of a sugar blood corpuscle to the non reducing end of the H oligosacchari de chains. This addition affects the reactivity of H antigen.The ABH substances are secreted in the Urinary respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract by mucous glands residing there. The secretor gene regulates the synthesis of blood group antigens in the superficial glands of gastric and small intestinal mucosa. The secretors and non-secretors produce A and B substances which are basically glycoproteins in pylorus and Brunners glands and produce A and B substances those are soluble in alcohol and glycosphingolipids in nature.The secretors also produce ABH substances in the prostate and lactating mammary glands. The secretion of breast is rich in H substance but poor in substance A and virtually absent in substance B. The synthesis of these substances in the exocrine acini of pancreas and secretory cells of sweat gland is not controlled by the secretor gene. The blood groups substances were also detected in the collecting tubules and calyxes of the secretors but it could not be conc luded that whether they are produced by the kidneys or are familiarly excreted. These secretions were noticed in the eight to nine weeks old salivary glands and bear out and later it appears throughout the gastrointestinal tract.Glycosphingolipids carrying the A or B oligosaccharides are present on the membranes of RBCs, epithelial and endothelial cells and are also present in the plasma in the soluble form. The glycoproteins carrying the similar A and B oligosaccharides are responsible for their activity in the body fluids. In the body fluids they are present in the secreted form. The A and B oligosaccharides which do not contain the carrier proteins are present in the milk and urine.The chromosome 19 containsFUT 1 and FUT 2 genes which code for fucosyltransferase. FUT genes numbered from 1-7 and form clusters which are responsible for the production of enzymes called as fucosyltranferases. The cluster is located on chromosome 19q13.3. Fucosyltranferase helps in the formation of fucose moiety which is added to the H antigen and further gylcosylate the A or/and B antigens.H antigen is a basic blood group antigen present in each and every charitable being but the content varies in different individuals of the same ABO group. A general pattern indicates that its strength varies as OA2A2BBA1A1B. Water soluble H antigen has been demonstrated in the saliva and the body fluids of the individuals.H antigens are fucose containing glycan units which are present on the glycolipids or glycoproteins residing on the erythrocytes membrane or in the secretions. The fucosylatedglycans are the substrate for the enzyme glycosytransferases that are responsible for the formation of the epitopes for A, B and Lewis blood group antigens.Secretors contain both the alleles whereas non secretor contains the null allele for FUT2 gene. The FUT 2 gene codes for fucosyltranferaseenzyme in the exocrine t have it offs which lead to formation of antigens in the body secretions and body flu ids.The A and B genes produce glycosyltranferase that add sugar to oligosaccharide chains that is converted to H antigen. The H antigen are constructed on the oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide chains could be of two type Type 1 and type 2. 1 one C of the terminal 6-carbon sugar b-D-galactose ( gallon) is linked to the number 3 carbon of subterminalN-acetyl-glucosamine(GlcNAc) in Type 1 chains and to the number 4 carbon of GlcNAc in Type 2 chains. The glycosphingolipids present in the plasma and on the membranes of glandular and parenchymal cells and glycoproteins present on the cell surfaces or body fluids carry either the type 1 or type 2 chains. The glycolipids antigens present on the RBC contain type 2 chains.A gene-specifies N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase and the B gene-specifies galactosaminyl-transferase and add GalNAc andGal respectively in alpha (1-3) linkages to the same Gal which is acted on by the H gene transferase. The H gene produces fucosyltransferase that add fucose to the terminal Galactose molecule of type 2 chain. It forms an alpha (1-2) linkage. A and B antigens are constructed when the A and B transferases attach respective sugars to the type 1 or type 2 chain substituted with Fucose.The A alleles encode UDP-GalNAc Fuc alpha1-2 Gal alpha1-3 N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase (alpha 1-3 GalNActransferase or histo-blood group A transferase). The B alleles encode UDP-Gal Fuc alpha1-2 Gal alpha 1-3 galactosyltransferase (alpha 1-3 galactosyltransferase or histo-blood group B transferase). O alleles encode proteins without glycosyltransferase functionThe secretor gene FUT2 located at 19q13.3 and codes for the activity of the glycosyltransferasesin concert with the FUT1 gene coding for H antigen, needed to assemble both the ABO and Lewis blood groups.They are active in places like goblet and mucous gland cells which interact with each other and lead to secretions of antigens in the fluids.The expression patterns of both the ge nes are different. The FUT1 (H) gene is dominantly expressed in the erythroid tissues which lead to the formation of the H enzyme whereas the FUT2 (secretor) gene is expressed in the secretory tissues and lead to the formation of secretor enzyme. The product of the H enzyme or H gene resides on the erythrocytes and product of secretor gene resides on mucins in secretions.If an individual lack these alleles, he/she will not be able express the above active enzymes therefore they would lack the substrates for the A or B glycosyltransferases and hence they would not express the A and B epitopes.Relationship of ABH Secretor status and Lewis systemLewis typing is sometimes used for the de facto determination of the ABH secretor status. The production of Lewis antigens is genetically controlled. Individuals possessing the Lewis (Le) gene would produce the Lewis antigens which are carried in the plasma by different substances and are absorbed onto the Red blood Cells present in ones blood. The ABO determinants and H/h blood groups determinants are structurally related to Lewis blood determinants. FUT1 provide the glycans for glycosyltransferases which convert Lewis antigen to ABH antigens. FUT2 allele is expressed in the secretor and is responsible for the expression of type1 H determinant.The secretors convert their Lewis a antigen to Lewis b therefore they are (a-b+) and the non-secretor are (a+b-) as they lack the FUT2 responsible for glycosyltransferase which could convert Lewis a antigen to Lewis b antigen.Lewis (Le) gene and Secreting (Se) gene interact with each other. Initially Lewisais create and if Se gene is absent in an individual the Lewisa substance is absorbed on the RBC and the individual is typed as Lewisa but in secretors the Se gene controls the activation of the H gene which causes addition of an additional sugar to Lewisa which convert it to Lewisb. Secretors contain both Lewisa and Lewisb in their plasma but absorb Lewisb preferentially on the r ed blood cells and the individual is typed as Lewisb.Hence we could interpret that presence of Lewis gene would type an individual as Lewisa positive or Lewisb negative or vice versa. An individual could not be positive for both. A person containing both Lewis gene and Secreting gene are typed as Lewisa negative and Lewisb positive whereas a person having the Lewis gene but not the secretor gene is typed as Lewisa positive and Lewisb negative. Individual who does not have Lewis gene regardless of secretor gene is typed as Lewisa negative and Lewisb negative.Note Lewis Double Negative (LDN) is a sub type of non secretors but Lewis typing cannot be used for them to determine the ABH secretor status. spotting methodsThe presence and absence of the antigens in the body fluids could be detected by Agglutination Inhibition and Lewis typing.Agglutination Inhibition test could be divided into two parts-Part I Antibody NeutralizationTo determining ones secretor status, the saliva of the ind ividual is complicated by the antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B or Anti-H) available commercially. In secretors the soluble substances i.e. blood group antigens will react with the antibodies present in the antiserum and will get neutralized.Part II Agglutination InhibitionThe bed blood cells obtained commercially are added to the test mixture. In secretors agglutination of the RBC do not take place as no free antibodies are available to agglutinate them. completely the antibodies have reacted with the soluble antigens present in the saliva whereas in non-secretors agglutination would occur upon addition of the RBC as no blood group antigens are present in the saliva so antibodies present in the antiserum are not neutralized and hence would be free to react with the test RBC cells which are added to the test mixture. Hence agglutination is a negative test for secretor status and positive test for the non-secretor status.Note Anti-H lectin containing phytohaemagglutinin virtually specific for human RBC. Thirteen Cucurbitaceaespecies have been investigated for the anti-H activity present in their seed lectins. Lectins has been extracted and purified from Ulexeuropaeus seeds. It could be used to demonstrate the H secretor status of blood group O individual and also for subgrouping the blood group A individuals.Lewis typingIndividuals carrying the Lewis gene produce Lewis antigens that are carried by the plasma and are also adsorbed on the red blood cells. Lewis antigens do not reside only on the red blood cells. Initially the gene gives rise to Lewisa. If Se gene is present it activates H gene which interact with the Lewisa and add a sugar to Lewisa and hence get converted it to Lewisb. Both Lewisa and Lewisb in present in the plasma of the secretors. If the Se gene is not present then the Lewisa substance is adsorbed on the red cells and individuals are typed as Lewisa.The secretor status of an individual could be determined with help of Lewisa and Lewisb antibodies mixed with an individuals saliva and observing the agglutination macroscopically.Disease Susceptibility among Secretors and Non-secretorsDigestive systemNon-secretors are more prone to the diseases caused by the oral bacteria in the digestive system of an individual. It includes ulcers, celiac diseases gastric carcinoma pernicious anemia etc. It could lead to dysplasia or increase in the number of cavities present in the digestive tract. Non-secretors are less resistant to the infection caused by Helicobacter pylori which could lead to the formation of peptic and duodenal ulcers. It could easily colonize and cause inflammation in the non-secretors. The non-secretors lack the blood group antigens in the mucus secretions therefore H.pylori attach to the walls of the digestive tract and cause infection. The secretors have a tendency to secrete free ABH antigens in their intestinal secretions which effect the bacterial and lectins adherence to the microvilli present in the gut. The secr etors produce these antigens and act as a competitive disadvantage from preventing H.pylori attachment. These antigens act as a attract in the secretors which prevent them from attaching with the host tissues. The non-secretors also show a lower IgG immune response to the H.pylori. They have excessive rate of bleeding, perforation and development of stomach ulcers but correlation between these complications and the secretor status have not been documented yet. The non-secretors are not able to turn off the digestive enzymes and hence they produce large amount of enzyme pepsin and hence are more prone to duodenal ulcers. 50% of the duodenal ulcers are present in non-secretors. 30-40% of group O individuals are affected by the duodenal ulcers and 15- 20 % are affected by the gastric ulcers. They act as a multiplicative hazard factor with the gene coding for hyperpepsinogenemia I which impact in the risk of duodenal ulcers. Group A individuals have a higher(prenominal) tendency of ha ving gastric crabmeat and pernicious anemia. Statistics shows that 20% of the group A individuals are affected by gastric cancers and 25% are affected by the pernicious anemia.Oral pathologyThe non-secretors are more prone to oral diseases like mouth and esophagus cancer, epithelial dysplasia etc. They have more cavities than secretors.DiabetesThe ABH non-secretors and Lewis negative (Le a-b-) individuals have a high risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes or complications arising from diabetes. Secretors with juvenile diabetes have a low chance of developing retinopathy. The ABH non secretors which are affected by insulin dependent diabetes mellitus the mean level of C3c and C4 is lower as compared to ABH secretors.Metabolic Syndrome XThe Lewis negative men are predisposing to syndrome X and prothrombic metabolism. They have high levels of BMI, SBP, triglycerides and low rather fasting levels of serum insulin and plasma glucose. This relationship is not true for women and is only applicable for the men.Respiratory SystemSecretors have an added protection against the harmful environmental assaults directed towards our lungs and as usual non-secretors have a health disadvantage. They are over represented among the people suffering from influenza viruses A and B, rhinoviruses, respiratory synsytial virus and echinoviruses. The secretors who are miners or smokers do beat a protection against the disastrous effects of the cigarette smoking. Asthma is very common among the individuals working in the coal mines. Upon research it was concluded that asthma among them is also related to the non-secretor phenotype present in them. The non-secretor has a tendency to snore and are more prone to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).Heart diseaseThe ABH non-secretor phenotype have a high risk of developing myocardial infarction and Lewis negative individuals have a high risk of developing inveterate heart disease (CHD) and also ischemic heart disease (IHD). They contain high levels of triglycerides. Alcoholism has a positive interaction with the Lewis negative individuals. Alcohol consumption is protective in these individuals.autoimmune DiseaseAutoimmune disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, Sjogrens syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and Graves disease are more prone in non-secretors. The ABH non-secretors affected with graves disease produces high levels of antitubulin antibodies as compared to secretors and are unable to produce the water soluble glycoproteins in the saliva.Fetal Loss and InfertilityABO antigens are also free-base on the sperm of the secretors. These are obtained from the seminal secretions present in them. ABO incompatibility could exist between the wife and husband if could affect the fertility of an individual. This issue has not been properly studied and is therefore under research.Rheumatic FeverThe secretors and group O individuals are resistant to Rheumatic fever an d more number of cases have been recorded in the non-secretors. Secretor status could also determine whether the rheumatic fever would be followed by streptococcal pharyngitis or not.Neisseria speciesThe non-secretors who do not produce water soluble antigens in the saliva are at the risk of getting infected by Neisseria meningcococcal disease. The immune capabilities of the secretor provide a relative protection in the secretors. The ABH non-secretors produce low level of anti-meningococcal salivary IgM antibodies which provide protection to the secretors against the microorganism.Candida speciesNon-secretors are barriers of candida species and therefore are frequently affected by the candida infections. The glycocompounds secreted by secretors in the body fluids inhibit adhesins present on the yeast which are responsible for their adhesion with the body tissues. This leads to the development of the chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis. Statistics shows that 68% on the non-secretors a re affected by chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. Non-secretor women are affected by recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis. An individual with a combination of non-secretors and absence of Lewis gene are at relative risk of developing recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis.Tumor MarkersThe individuals with inactive Se (se/se) alleles and homozygous active Le alleles (Le/Le) allele have a highest mean value of CA19-9 tumor marker. The Lewis negative individuals irrespective of Se genotype have negative values for CA19-9. The Lewis negative individuals have higher mean value for DU PAN-2 as compared to Le-positive individuals. We can conclude that CA 19-9 marker is not an appropriate tumor marker for Le-negative individuals but DU-PAN-9 is an appropriate tumor marker.Bacteria Urinary Tract InfectionsNon-secretors are at a higher risk of getting recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scars as compared to secretors. This talent is higher among negative Lewis su bset. Statistics of a study done on women affected with recurrent urinary tract infection stated that 29% of the non-secretor women were affected by UTI and 26% of Lewis (a-b-) women were affected by the UTI. The non-secretor phenotype and blood group B and AB phenotype work together to increase the risk of UTI among women. Women and children suffering from renal scarring with and without the antibiotic presentling for UTI are prone to UTI and pyelonephritis. 55-60% of non-secretors develop renal scars and 16% on secretors develop renal scars. C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and body temperature are higher in the non-secretors that in secretors with recurrent UTI.ConclusionIt concludes that there exist a statistical association between the individuals blood-group secretor phenotype and the diseases they are susceptible to. So knowing your secretor status is advantageous as we can use the nutritional supplements more intelligently and effectively. It also m akes us aware of the diseases, illness and metabolic dysfunction we are prone to, difference in the levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, propensities towards blood clotting, tumor markers and different ingredients of breast milk so that we can manage them before hand and would be prepared for them in the near future.

Roles Of Individuals And Societies :: essays research papers

Roles of Individuals and SocietiesThe early twentieth century marked a period of rapid industrial andtechnological change in a association which began to redefine the roles of the private and society. Max Weber and Sigmund Freud were two revolutionarythinkers of the time who recognized the importance of this relationship andtried to determine whether the power sense of balance between society and the individualwas tilted in one particular direction or the other. A world becoming anincreasingly complex and constrictive forced these thinkers to ask themselves ifsociety had indeed fin bothy become a force too dynamic for the individual tomanipulate that if in fact it was society that had mastered the man. Althoughboth thinkers provide radically different views of culture and society they areboth essentially trying to answer the same question does the individual controlsociety or does society control the individual?The relevance of such an argument might outset be debated, for one m ightfirst respond to this question with some doubt surely we have control ofourselves, do we all not have control of our receive faculties at this rattling moment?At this moment you are reading or being subjected to a reading of this paper,therefore if this indeed is not fufilling some immediate open-and-shut desire it isaccomplishing some sort of other goal. Likely this goal is to achieve aneducation but again we might ask ourselves why? Surely we all want to furtherour scholarly qualities and develop our minds but more likely this again has anunderlying goal to succeed in society. Society has shown us that in mostcases it requires a good deal of education in order to succeed. Therefore wemight entertain the question, is our presence here a product of our own desiresor that of societys? The pip of this reasoning is only to point outsomething we whitethorn not immediately recognize regardless of what our own freewill may dictate, we cannot help but be influenced by the values an d morals ofmodern-day society. And it is because of this influence, the rewards which itoffers and the punishments which it threatens, that the individual has foundhimself actually being manipulated by this larger body.Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud expresses this point in his greatestachievement, Civilization and Its Discontents. Pointing out this conflictbetween the individual and society Freud concludes, . . . the two processes ofindividual and of cultural development must stand in hostile opposition to eachother and mutually dispute the ground. (Freud, 106) And then after describingthe affects of civilization as a drastic mutilization of his desires, Freud

Shakespeares Othello - Abnormal Psychology and Iago Essay -- Othello

Abnormal Psychology and Iago in Othello When the Bard of Avon created the evil Iago in the tragedy Othello, he entered into the area of irrational behavior and abnormal psychology. This essay will examine this branch of science as it relates to the play. David Bevington in William Shakespeare Four Tragedies describes the irrationality and self-destructiveness of the ancients behavior Emilia understands that jealousy is non a rational affliction but a self-induced disease of the mind. Jealous persons, she tells Desdemona, are not ever jealous for the cause, / But jealous for theyre jealous. It is a monster / Begot upon itself, born on itself (3.4.161 163). Iagos own testimonial bears this out, for his jealousy is at once wholly irrational and agonizingly self-destructive. I do shady the lusty Moor / Hath leaped into my seat, the thought thereof / Doth , like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my innards (2.1.296 298). (223) Blanche Coles in Shakespeares Four Giants affirms the Bards lading to abnormal psychology, and his employment of same in this play That Shakespeare was keenly interested in the study of the abnormal mind is commonly accepted among students. . . . The suggestion that Iago may have been intentionally drawn as a psychopathic personality is not new. . . . Even a casual scrutiny of a book on case histories of psychopathic patients will find Iago peeping out from many of its pages. Still more, Iagos name will be found appearing occasionally in bold print in books on abnormal psychology.(89-90) Evidence of his psychopathic personality is seen early in the play. He manipulates the wealthy Roderigo into awakening the senator Brabantio (Ro... ...hall neer timber back, neer ebb to humble love, Till that a capable and wide revenge Swallow them up. (3.3) Iago is so in control of the generals contort mind that he specifies how the Moor should kill Desdemona Strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated. And the general dutifully r esponds, Excellent good The enthusiastic answer causes atomic number 53 to suspect that the ancients psychopathology has taken possession of the Moor. WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. New York Bantam Books, 1980. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.